Mineral Facts
1. What are minerals?
2. Potassium: The Nerve Power Mineral.
3. Potassium Bicarbonate: The Potassium Vehicle
4. Potassium Citrate: Diverse Benefits from
5. Potassium lactate: Universal Potassium Supplement
6. Tripotassium Phosphate: Triple Bonus Supplement Compound;
7. Bicarbonate Ion: Strong Alkaline Power Inducer
8. Calcium: Main Component in Bone Structure
9. Selenium: A Representative Antioxidant
10. Magnesium: Prevention of Chronic Fatigue and Bone Health
11. Zinc: Important Mineral |
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| 1. What are minerals? |
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Minerals can be defined as solid, inorganic, naturally occurring substances with a definite chemical formula and specific structure. Nearly all chemical elements in the Earth's crust are related with at least one mineral.
They are varied in color, hardness, density, crystal form, crystal size, transparency, composition, location, and abundance. Some minerals are just simple elements, while others are magnetic. Some are uncombined elements, such as gold, silver, sulfur, bismuth, copper and platinum. Certain minerals glow with a brilliant luminescence after exposure to ultraviolet light. Feldspar and quartz are the most abundant minerals found in the Earth's crust. |
The importance of minerals in everyday life is hardly recognized by the vast majority of people. According to the U.S. Bureau of Mines, the average person consumes or uses 40,000 pounds of minerals every year.
Over the course of a lifetime, an individual will use more than 1,050 pounds of lead, 1,050 pounds of zinc, 1,750 pounds of copper, 4,550 pounds of aluminum, 91,000 pounds of iron and steel, 360,500 pounds of coal, and one million pounds of industrial minerals such as limestone, clay, and gravel.
The two kinds of minerals are: macrominerals and trace minerals. Macro means "large" in Greek (and your body needs larger amounts of macrominerals than trace minerals). The macromineral group is made up of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium, potassium, chloride, and sulfur.
A trace of something means that there is only a little of it. So even though your body needs trace minerals, it needs just a tiny bit of each one. Scientists aren't even sure how much of these minerals you need each day. Trace minerals includes iron, manganese, copper, iodine, zinc, cobalt, fluoride, and selenium.
Minerals are inevitable for good health. The body takes advantage of over 80 minerals for maximum function. Because our plants and soils are so nutrient depleted, even if we eat the healthiest foods, we are not getting all the minerals we need. Evidence of mineral malnutrition are various minor and serious health conditions such as energy loss, premature aging, diminished senses, and degenerative diseases like osteoporosis, heart disease, and cancer. In many cases, these could be prevented with proper mineral supplementation. The more you learn about the benefits of minerals, the more you will be able to take charge of your own health!
Every living cell depends on minerals for proper structure and function. Minerals are needed for the formation of blood and bones, the proper composition of body fluids, healthy nerve function, proper operation of the cardiovascular system, among others. Like vitamins, minerals function as coenzymes, enabling the body to perform its functions including energy production, growth and healing. Because all enzyme activities involve minerals, they are essential for the proper utilization of vitamins and other nutrients. Nutritionally, minerals are grouped into two categories: bulk or essential minerals, also called macrominerals, and trace minerals or microminerals. Macrominerals such as calcium and magnesium are needed by the body in larger amounts. Although only minute quantities of trace minerals are needed, they are nevertheless important for good health. Microminerals include boron, chromium, iron, zinc, and many others.
Three basic classifications of minerals have been categorized. Metallic minerals are found in their pure elemental form or as salts such as sodium chloride and zinc sulfate. They are the most commonly used form in nutritional supplements, especially for the essential minerals, because larger amounts are indicated. They are generally the least expensive form of minerals but their primary disadvantage is that their degree of absorption is the least of all three forms. Although they have their place, metallic minerals do not represent the full spectrum of all the trace minerals that are known to be of value in human nutrition.
Chelated minerals are the next step up the ladder in so far as the body's ability to assimilate. The term "chelate" originates from a Greek word that means "claw." In this process, be it either in the laboratory or in nature itself, a metallic mineral is "chelated" with an amino acid. The amino acid actually surrounds the metallic mineral like a claw and thereby helps to solubilize it, making the "mineral chelate" more bioavailable or useful to the body. Examples of chelated minerals are the magnesium aspartate (magnesium chelated with the natural aspartic acid) and chromium picolinate (chromium chelated with picolinic acid). In many cases, chelated minerals are about 40% more efficient in regards to absorption and assimilation into the body than metallic minerals.
Colloidal minerals occur in nature in the colloid state. That is, they are minute particles that either are or can be easily dispersed in a medium such as water. In that they are made up of such small particles, there is a major increase in surface area giving them greater exposure to the liquid or solvent they are to be distributed in. This results in increased solubility, bioavailability, absorption, and usefulness to the body. Plant-derived colloidal minerals provide the best of all forms of minerals not only because of this increased solubility but also because they are associated with natural plant tissue. This gives them all the advantages of chelated and metallic minerals and more!
Bibliography
Skinner, H. C. W. (2005). "Biominerals". Mineralogical Magazine 69 (5): 621–641.
Mills, J. S.; Hatert, F.; Nickel, E. H.; Ferraris, G. (2009). "The standardisation of mineral group hierarchies: application to recent nomenclature proposals". European Journal of Mineralogy 21 (5): 1073–1080.
Takai, K. (2010). "Limits of life and the biosphere: Lessons from the detection of microorganisms in the deep sea and deep subsurface of the Earth.". In Gargaud, M.; Lopez-Garcia, P.; Martin, H.. Origins and Evolution of Life: An Astrobiological Perspective. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 469–486.
Roussel, E. G.; Cambon Bonavita, M.; Querellou, J.; Cragg, B. A.; Prieur, D.; Parkes, R. J.; Parkes, R. J. (2008). "Extending the Sub-Sea-Floor Biosphere". Science 320 (5879): 1046–1046.
Pearce, D. A.; Bridge, P. D.; Hughes, K. A.; Sattler, B.; Psenner, R.; Russel, N. J. (2009). "Microorganisms in the atmosphere over Antarctica". FEMS Microbiology Ecology 69 (2): 143–157.
Newman, D. K.; Banfield, J. F. (2002). "Geomicrobiology: How Molecular-Scale Interactions Underpin Biogeochemical Systems". Science 296 (5570): 1071–1077.
Warren, L. A.; Kauffman, M. E. (2003). "Microbial geoengineers". Science 299 (5609): 1027–1029.
González-Muñoz, M. T.; Rodriguez-Navarro, C.; Martínez-Ruiz, F.; Arias, J. M.; Merroun, M. L.; Rodriguez-Gallego, M.. "Bacterial biomineralization: new insights from Myxococcus-induced mineral precipitation". Geological Society, London, Special Publications 336 (1): 31–50.
Veis, A. (1990). "Biomineralization. Cell Biology and Mineral Deposition. by Kenneth Simkiss; Karl M. Wilbur On Biomineralization. by Heinz A. Lowenstam; Stephen Weiner". Science 247 (4946): 1129–1130.
Bouligand, Y. (2006). "Liquid crystals and morphogenesis.". In Bourgine, P.; Lesne, A.. Morphogenesis: Origins of Patterns and Shape. Cambridge, UK: Springer Verlag. pp. 49-53.
Gabriel, C. P.; Davidson, P. (2003). "Mineral Liquid Crystals from Self-Assembly of Anisotropic Nanosystems". Topics in Current Chemistry 226: 119–172.
K., Hefferan; J., O'Brien (2010). Earth Materials. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4443-3460-9.
Stuart J. Mills, Frédéric Hatert, Ernest H. Nickel, and Giovanni Ferraris (2009). "The standardisation of mineral group hierarchies: application to recent nomenclature proposals". Eur. J. Mineral. 21 (5): 1073–1080.
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| 2. Potassium: The Nerve Power Mineral. |
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Potassium is an essential nutrient for healthy muscle and nerve function. In the normal human body, the intracellular and extracellular potassium concentrations are closely monitored and managed by multiple feedback mechanisms. Potassium is an anion existing in intracellular cytoplasm. The intracellular potassium concentration is thirty times higher than the extracellular potassium concentration, while the sodium concentration in the cells is ten times higher than that out of the cells. The biomembrane electric potential is formed by this difference in ion concentration, which is the main force for transmission of nerve stimulus, muscle contraction and most function of your heart.
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Based on this functionality of nerve impulse transmission, the concentration of minerals such as potassium affects the immune system, metabolic function and aging processes. In addition, potassium plays an important role in lowing blood pressure so that the probability of cerebral stroke is decreased. When potassium is deficient in your body, you easily feel tired, and instability of blood pressure, pimples, anxiety, instable heartbeat, muscle weakening, depressions, jitters, insomnia, weak skeleton, constipation, cholesterol increase, body water content increase are more frequent. More severe health problems can ensue if not treated properly.
In this product, the electrolytic potassium is added, which is easily solvated and ionized in solution in order to supply more stable and organic potassium. So, the main ingredients of this product are potassium bicarbonate, potassium citrate, potassium lactate, tripotassium phosphate. The evident necessity of potassium should not be explained more in detailed way. According to the type of potassium compounds, some of them have high dissociation constant and buffer capacity. The product is concocted with our patented technologies to maximize the synergistic effects of each ingredient.
Bibliography
Alappan R, Perazella MA, Buller GK, et al. Hyperkalemia in hospitalized patients treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Ann Intern Med. 1996;124(3):316-320.
Appel LJ. Nonpharmacologic therapies that reduce blood pressure: a fresh perspective. Clin Cardiol. 1999;22(Suppl. III):III1-III5.
Brancati FL, Appel LJ, Seidler AJ, Whelton PK. Effect of potassium supplementation on blood pressure in African Americans on a low-potassium diet. Arch Intern Med. 1996;156:61-72.
Brater DC. Effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on renal function: focus on cyclooxygenase-2-selective inhibition. Am J Med. 1999;107(6A):65S-70S.
Burgess E, Lewanczuk R, Bolli P, et al. Lifestyle modifications to prevent and control hypertension. 6. Recommendations on potassium, magnesium and calcium. Canadian Hypertension Society, Canadian Coalition for High Blood Pressure Prevention and Control, Laboratory Centre for Disease Control at Health Canada, Heart and Stroke Foundation of Canada. CMAJ. 1999;160(9 Suppl):S35-S45.
Cappuccio EP, MacGregor GA. Does potassium supplementation lower blood pressure? A meta-analysis of published trials. J Hypertens. 1991;9:465-473.
Chiu TF, Bullard MJ, Chen JC, Liaw SJ, Ng CJ. Rapid life-threatening hyperkalemia after addition of amiloride HCL/hydrochlorothiazide to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy. Ann Emerg Med. 1997;30(5):612-615.
Dickinson HO, Nicolson DJ, Campbell F, Beyer FR, Mason J. Potassium supplementation for the management of primary hypertension in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2006 Jul 19;3:CD004641. Review.
Houston MC. Treatment of hypertension with nutraceuticals, vitamins, antioxidants and minerals. Expert Rev Cardiovasc Ther. 2007 Jul;5(4):681-91.
Howes LG. Which drugs affect potassium? Drug Saf. 1995;12(4):240-244.
Iso H, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, et al. Prospective study of calcium, potassium, and magnesium intake and risk of stroke in women. Stroke. 1999;30(9):1772-1779.
Joint National Committee. Sixth Report of the Joint National Committee on Prevention, Detection, Evaluation and Treatment of High Blood Pressure. Arch Int Med. 1997;157:2413-2446.
Kendler BS. Recent nutritional approaches to the prevention and therapy of cardiovascular disease. Prog Cardiovasc Nurs. 1997;12(3):3-23.
Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, et al. AHA dietary guidelines. Revision 2000: A statement for healthcare professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart Association. Circulation. 2000;102:2284-2299.
Lanham-New SA. The balance of bone health: tipping the scales in favor of potassium-rich, bicarbonate-rich foods. J Nutr. 2008;138(1):172S-177S.
Matsui H, Shimosawa T, Uetake Y, Wang H, Ogura S, Kaneko T, et al. Protective effect of potassium against the hypertensive cardiac dysfunction: association with reactive oxygen species reduction. Hypertension. 2006 Aug;48(2):225-31.
Newnham DM. Asthma medications and their potential adverse effects in the elderly: recommendations for prescribing. Drug Saf. 2001;24(14):1065-1080.
O'Shaughnessy KM. Role of diet in hypertension management. Curr Hypertens Rep. 2006 Aug;8(4):292-7. Review.
Perazella MA. Trimethoprim-induced hyperkalemia: clinical data, mechanism, prevention and management. Drug Saf. 2000;22(3):227-236.
Perazella M, Mahnensmith R. Hyperkalemia in the elderly. J Gen Intern Med. 1997;12:646-656.
Preston RA, Hirsh MJ MD, Oster, JR MD, et al. University of Miami Division of Clinical Pharmacology therapeutic rounds: drug-induced hyperkalemia. Am J Ther. 1998; 5(2):125-132.
Rafferty K, Heaney RP. Nutrient effects on the calcium economy: emphasizing the potassium controversy. J Nutr. 2008;138(1):166S-171S.
Ray K, Dorman S, Watson R. Severe hyperkalemia due to the concomitant use of salt substitutes and ACE inhibitors in hypertension: a potentially life threatening interaction. J Hum Hypertens. 1999;13(10):717-720.
Reif S, Klein I, Lubin F, Farbstein M, Hallak A, Gilat T. Pre-illness dietary factors in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut. 1997;40:754-760.
Singh RB, Singh NK, Niaz MA, Sharma JP. Effect of treatment with magnesium and potassium on mortality and reinfarction rate of patients with suspected acute myocardial infarction. Int J Clin Pharmacol Thera. 1996;34:219-225.
Stanbury RM, Graham EM. Systemic corticosteroid therapy -- side effects and their management. Br J Ophthalmol. 1998;82(6):704-708.
Suter PM. Potassium and Hypertension. Nutrition Reviews. 1998;56:151-133.
Whang R, Oei TO, Watanabe A. Frequency of hypomagnesia in hospitalized patients receiving digitalis. Arch Intern Med. 1985;145(4):655-656.
Whelton, A, Stout RL, Spilman PS, Klassen DK. Renal effects of ibuprofen, piroxicam, and sulindac in patients with asymptomatic renal failure. A prospective, randomized, crossover comparison. Ann Intern Med. 1990;112(8):568-576.
Wu G, Tian H, Han K, Xi Y, Yao Y, Ma A. Potassium magnesium supplementation for four weeks improves small distal artery compliance and reduces blood pressure in patients with essential hypertension. Clin Exp Hypertens. 2006 Jul;28(5):489-97.
Young DB, Lin H, McCabe RD. Potassium's cardiovascular protective mechanisms. Am J Physiology. 1995;268(part 2):R825-R837.
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| 3. Potassium Bicarbonate: The Potassium Vehicle |
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Potassium Bicarbonate
Potassium bicarbonate is used for the treatment of potassium deficiency and alleviation of the symptom.
Therefore, the potassium bicarbonate has been recognized as the most stable and effective compound. And, it’s been used as food additive around the world. Potassium bicarbonate prevents the loss of calcium by neutralizing the acidity of your body and reinforces your muscle and bone.
Potassium is the chemical compound with easy ionization which can provide you with potassium as much as your body needs.
The potassium ion removes the acidic wastes accumulated in your body and |
plays a pivotal role in keeping the pH balance in your body.
Bibiliography
Sebastian et al. The evolution-informed optimal dietary potassium intake of human beings greatly exceeds current and recommended intakes. Semin Nephrol 26:447-53 (2006).
Khaw et al. Dietary potassium and stroke-associated mortality. N Engl J Med 316:235-40 (1987).
Green et al. Serum potassium level and dietary potassium intake as risk factors for stroke. Neurology 59:314-20 (2002).
Xiong et al. Neuroprotection in ischemia: blocking calcium-permeable acid-sensing ion channels. Cell 118:687-96 (2004).
Dawson-Hughes et al. Alkaline diets favor lean tissue mass in older adults. Am J Clin Nutr 87:662-5 (2008).
Frassetto et al. Potassium bicarbonate reduces urinary nitrogen excretion in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 82:254-59 (1997).
Frassetto et al. Long-term persistence of the urine calcium-lowering effect of potassium bicarbonate in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 90:831-4 (2005).
Haddy et al. Role of potassium in regulating blood flow and blood pressure. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 290:R546-52 (2006).
Sudhir et al. Reduced dietary potassium reversibly enhances vasopressor response to stress in African Americans. Hypertension 29:1083-90 (1997).
Alaimo et al. Daily Intake of vitamins, minerals, and fiber of persons aged two months and over in the United States: Third National Health And Nutrition Survey, Phase 1, 1988-91. Adv Data 258:1-28 (1994).
Frassetto L, Morris RC Jr, Sebastian A. Long-term persistence of the urine calcium-lowering effect of potassium bicarbonate in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2005 Feb;90(2):831-4
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| 4. Potassium Citrate: Diverse Benefits from |
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Potassium citrate is a mineral compound present in many food and drugs. As a potassium compound, it gives human body diverse beneficial effects.
In medicine, potassium and its compound usually use for reducing the acidity of urine. In addition, it is prescribed for the treatment of kidney disease and gout.
And, potassium citrate enhances the transmission power of nervous stimulation
and increases the muscular function.
It improves various chronic diseases to be manageable. |
Potassium citrate facilitates the energy generation and nuclear acid production. It maintains the cells to be healthy and helps your body to keep the blood pressure within normal range.
Potassium citrate is present in orange juice and many other fruits, which is obtained by the glucose fermentation from sugar, starch. It has no color, clear compound that tastes strong sour. Generally, this compound is used for additives to beverages and processed-fruit foods. On the other hand, potassium citrate can be supplemented for your body to energize the detoxification processes. Detoxification usually reacts with abnormally produced-intermediates with adverse effects.
The effects of potassium citrate can be taken for example the activation of macrophages which are the main player in immune system. And, the prevention of skin aging process, bone loss process will be helped with fat cell breakdown. The germ cell killing power, detoxification, liver function, prevention of blood acidification, prevention of calcium stone formation, prevention of Athlete’s food, promotion of saliva secretion and gastric juices are also facilitated.
In recent years, osteoporosis becomes one of the factors to be blamed as the reason of increasing mortality. The culprit of increasing osteoporosis in the Western society has been directed to the diet culture in those countries. Simply put it, they consume high protein foods which are generally affluent in protein which generates most acids, which weakens the more effective absorption of potassium into our body.
Dr. Leto Clarp and his team of Medical Research Institure in Bassel University studied on this topic and published the data (American Kidney Association Journal 17:3213-3222, 2006). Chronic metabolic acidosis is due to the loss of bone mass. The authors in this study found that the Western-styled high protein diet causes the pathological phenomena such as acidosis. The team recommended taking potassium citrate for alkaline supplements to prevent acadosis.
In this study, 161 menopausal Swiss women were randomly divided for group A and B. Then, for the next 12 months, the team gave 30 mg of potassium citrate to group A women, while 30 mg potassium chloride to group B. These populations of study have never been under the treatment of osteoporosis. To all participants, 500 mg calcium and 400 units of vitamin D were daily given.
The study found that for the participants in potassium citrate group the Bone Mass Density was gradually increased significantly, while for the participants in potassium chloride the BMD was rather decreased. Comparing the values, 1.87% difference was measured during the 12 month study period. Further, for the participants in group A the diastolic and systolic blood pressure was decreased 7.9 mmHg and 6.4 mmHg respectively. However, for the potassium chloride, the blood pressure was the similar or unnoticeably decreased.
From this study, potassium citrate which is a relatively not costly health supplement can give so much benefit on the bone health and reduce blood pressure. In addition, it has been recognized that the potassium citrate can give beneficial effects to various skin pathological complications such as Athlete’s foot, eczema, and bald hair.
Bibilography
KFDA, Korean Food And Drug Agency, Food Additive Information Network, http://www.kfda.go.kr/fa/index.do?nMenuCode=19&page_gubun=6&gongjeoncategory=1&serialno=208
Barcelo P, Wuhl O, Servitge E, Rousaud A, Pak CY. Randomized double-blind study of potassium citrate in idiopathic hypocitraturic calcium nephrolithiasis. J Urol. 1993 Dec;150(6):1761-4.
McNally MA, Pyzik PL, Rubenstein JE, Hamdy RF, Kossoff EH. Empiric use of potassium citrate reduces kidney-stone incidence with the ketogenic diet. Pediatrics. 2009 Aug;124(2):e300-4. Epub 2009 Jul 13.
Karp HJ, Ketola ME, Lamberg-Allardt CJ. Acute effects of calcium carbonate, calcium citrate and potassium citrate on markers of calcium and bone metabolism in young women. Br J Nutr. 2009 Nov;102(9):1341-7. Epub 2009 Jun 19.
Braschi A, Naismith DJ. The effect of a dietary supplement of potassium chloride or potassium citrate on blood pressure in predominantly normotensive volunteers. Br J Nutr. 2008 Jun;99(6):1284-92. Epub 2007 Dec 6.
Sabboh H, Coxam V, Horcajada MN, Rémésy C, Demigné C. Effects of plant food potassium salts (citrate, galacturonate or tartrate) on acid-base status and digestive fermentations in rats. Br J Nutr. 2007 Jul;98(1):72-7. Epub 2007 Mar 23.
Sakhaee K, Maalouf NM, Abrams SA, Pak CY. Effects of potassium alkali and calcium supplementation on bone turnover in postmenopausal women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jun;90(6):3528-33. Epub 2005 Mar 8.
Cheema-Dhadli S, Lin SH, Halperin ML. Mechanisms used to dispose of progressively increasing alkali load in rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. 2002 Jun;282(6):F1049-55.
Frassetto L, Morris RC Jr, Sellmeyer DE, Todd K, Sebastian A. Diet, evolution and aging--the pathophysiologic effects of the post-agricultural inversion of the potassium-to-sodium and base-to-chloride ratios in the human diet. Eur J Nutr. 2001 Oct;40(5):200-13.
Toblli JE, DeRosa G, Lago N, Angerosa M, Nyberg C, Pagano P. Potassium citrate administration ameliorates tubulointerstitial lesions in rats with uric acid nephropathy. Clin Nephrol. 2001 Jan;55(1):59-68.
Morris RC Jr, Schmidlin O, Tanaka M, Forman A, Frassetto L, Sebastian A. Differing effects of supplemental KCl and KHCO3: pathophysiological and clinical implications. Semin Nephrol. 1999 Sep;19(5):487-93.
Mullen JT, O'Connor DT. Potassium effects on blood pressure: is the conjugate anion important? J Hum Hypertens. 1990 Dec;4(6):589-96.
Melanie McNally, B.S.; Paula Pyzik, B.S.; James Rubenstein, M.D.; Rana Hamdy, M.D. M.P.H.Daily Potassium Citrate Wards Off Kidney Stones In Seizure Patients On High-Fat Diet, ScienceDaily, July 2009
Sellmeyer DE, Schloetter M, Sebastian A. Potassium citrate prevents increased urine calcium excretion and bone resorption induced by a high sodium chloride diet. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002 May;87(5):2008-12.
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| 5. Potassium lactate: Universal Potassium Supplement |
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Potassium lactate is a potassium compound of lactic acid. This compound is used for potassium supplement since the potassium lactate gives off potassium ion when dissolved in liquid.
Potassium lactate is sometimes classified into an acid control additive or a functional material that can work as an antioxidant. Potassium lactate is produced by the neutralization of lactic acids obtained by fermentation of sugar.
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Potassium lactate is used to store meat and poultry for a longer period. It is also used for the storage of foods and safe maintenance with the application of the compound’s antibacterial functions. Through these diverse applications, our product is produced under the sound science and reasonable claims. Potassium lactate can be an agent supported for neutralization of lactic acid.
Bibliography
1. McMahon LP, McKenna MJ, Sangkabutra T, Mason K, Sostaric S, Skinner SL, Burge C, Murphy B, Crankshaw D.Physical performance and associated electrolyte changes after haemoglobin normalization: a comparative study in haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 1999 May;14(5):1182-7.
2. Stasiewicz MJ, Wiedmann M, Bergholz TM. The transcriptional response of Listeria monocytogenes during adaptation to lactate and diacetate includes synergistic changes that increase fermentative acetoin production. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2011 Jun 10.
3. Asker E. Jeukendrup and Michael Gleeson, “Sport Nutrition: an Introduction to Energy Production and Performance”, by Human Kinetics, In., P.257, 2004
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| 6. Tripotassium Phosphate: Triple Bonus Supplement Compound; |
As a food additive, tripotassium phosphate is an excellent chemical compound as a pH control agent for food manufacturing process, promoter for fermentation process, antibacterial agents for beef procession, taste enhancer for seasoning industry, quality improvement for beef industry, fish storage, neutralization agents, yeast food, nutrient supplying agents for antibiotic and yeast productions. Tripotassium phosphate is a water-soluble ionic salt. It is used for emulsifier, foaming agent and whipping agent. In combination with fatty acids, it is a potential antimicrobial agent in poultry processing. The foods that include tripotassium phosphate are meat, milk, cream and liquid chocholate.
Tripotassium phosphate supplies potassium and phosphorus at the same time. Phosphorus is also one of important mineral nutrients. The eighty five percentage of phosphorus in our body is occupied in bone and teeth. The energy production and storage in our body is dependent on the phosphorus compounds such as tripotassium phosphate which is a source of genetic material compounds, enzyme and hormone.
Tripotassium phosphate compound works for boosting buffer activity that control acid-base balance. The daily recommendable amount is 700 mg. So, the phaphate works two folds; one for acid-bacid balance, while another is the one for supply source of phosphorus in human body.
Bibliography
http://www.foodnara.go.kr/portal/beans/kfdadictionary/jsp/food_word_dic_detail.jsp?field_sq=6467
http://www.swct.co.kr/product02_v.htm?Num=1048) =
http://www.mbm.net.au/health/296-385.htm
http://www.phosphatesfacts.org/pdfs/Nutritional_Aspects_of_Food_Phosphates.pdf
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| 7. Bicarbonate Ion: Strong Alkaline Power Inducer |
Potassium bicarbonate is dissociated into potassium ion and bicarbonate ion in solution. Not only potassium ion, but the bicarbonate ions are also an important compound. Bicarbonate ion is secreted from stomach, and it is an essential composition for digestion. When you drink mineral water, it works as a buffer that prevents your body to become acidic state affected from the lactic acid of exercise. It prevents the acidification of your body from ingested foods. And, what is better, bicarbonate ion prevents your teeth from cavity.
As bicarbonate ion is widely present in body fluid and most organs, the compound is mainly responsible for the acid-base balance in our body. Ingested foods and water stay in stomach for a while. There are thirty million cells in the stomach of human body, and they secrete acid and bicarbonate. The amount of bicarbonate ions secreted from the stomach wall will be minimally 25 mg to maximally 73 milligrams per hour. The stomach-secreted bicarbonate production rate is five percentage of maximum flow.
The bicarbonate ion creates mucus-bicarbonate barrier on the stomach wall as a front keeper for stomach wall protection and repair mechanism. Bicarbonate produces carbon dioxide immediately after the bicarbonate is neutralized. The most important effect from the ingestion of bicarbonate is that your body and blood pH can be balanced. In a research data, it was found that the person who took 0.3 g/kg sodium bicarbonate could increase the blood pH. And, further, the bicarbonate could reduce the acidity derived from protein foods.
For example, it was found that for the person who ate high protein foods, potassium bicarbonate greatly reduced the amount of calcium in urine. And, the person who drank mineral water with bicarbonate ion could have benefits of preventing reformation of calcium oxide and kidney stone. It was presented in a research that the patients who could be hydrated would have useful effects from drinking bicarbonate ion. Bicarbonate can prevent from being tired. In a research study, the participants who took 300 mg/kg of potassium bicarbonate brought less muscular tiredness so that their exercise capability was enhanced.
In another study, it is said that most natural mineral water and spring water hold some amount of bicarbonate ion. The bicarbonate ion ingested with the compound of potassium bicarbonate could play a function to prevent the loss of bone mineral and osteoporosis formation for women after menopause.
Bibliography
Frassetto LA, Todd KM, Morris RC Jr, Sebastian A "Normal adult humans eating Western diets have chronic, low-grade metabolic acidosis" (1998) Am J Clin Nutr, 68 (3): 576-83
Estimation of net endogenous noncarbonic acid production in humans from diet potassium and protein contents
Frassetto L, Morris RC Jr, Sebastian A. "Previously we demonstrated that low grade chronic metabolic acidosis exists normally in humans eating ordinary diets and that the degree of acidosis increases with age." (1997) J Clin Endocrinol Metab, Jan;82(1):254-9
Sebastian A, Harris ST, Ottaway JH, Todd KM, Morris RC Jr "In normal subjects, a low level of metabolic acidosis and positive acid balance (the production of more acid than is excreted) are typically present ..." (1994) N Engl J Med, 330 (25): 1776-81
Mayer R J, Landon M, Laszlo L, Lennox G, Lowe J. "The lysosome system [acidic denaturing interior] provides the only intracellular environment capable of performing this pathological processing, and the recent observations reviewed here suggest that it lies at the heart of the pathogenesis of these diseases." (1992) The Lancet, Jul 18;340(8812):156-9
Montcourrier P, Mangeat PH, Valembois C, Salazar G, Sahuquet A, Duperray C, Rochefort H. "Human metastatic breast cancer cells in culture contain large acidic vesicles large acidic vesicles were associated with both phagocytosis and invasion." (1994) J Cell Sci 1994 Sep;107 ( Pt 9):2381-91
Sherwood, L. "Only a narrow pH range is compatible with life because even a small increase in [H+] has dramatic effects on normal cell function." "The major source of H+ [acid] is metaboli-cally produced CO2." (Third Edition). 1994. Human Physiology. From Cells to Systems. p. 530
Sherwood, L. "The crux of H+ [acid] balance is maintaining the normal alkalinity of the extracellular fluid (pH 7.4) despite the constant onslaught of acid." (Third Edition). 1994. Human Physiology. From Cells to Systems. p. 531
Sebastian A., Harris S. T., Ottaway J. H, Todd K. M., Morris R. C., “Improved amineral balance and skeletal metabolism in postmenopausal women treated with potassium bicarbonate” (1994), The New England Journal of Medicine, 25, 1776-1781.
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| 8. Calcium: Main Component in Bone Structure |
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In regular body weight, about 1 – 2 gram is contributed from the weight of calcium. Among them, 99% exists in bone, while the remaining 1% is dispersed in blood, and extracellular and intracellular fluids. Calcium facilitates the stabilization of the cell membrane, cell signal transduction, promotion of nerve transmission agent secretion, various controls of hormone secretion, blood coagulation and muscle contraction and relaxation.
When calcium is not supplied sufficiently, your body starts stealing the calcium that has been stored in your bone.
And, thus if calcium is deficient during the period of growth, your bone is formed weakly. If it is not enough after menopause, osteoporosis will be set in. |
How much of calcium ingestion should be optimal for a day? Based on adults, it was 700 mg for Korean when it was modified at the 7th amendment. But, with a recent research result, the scientists recommended that the amount should be increased up to 1000 – 1500 mg primarily for bone growth and osteoporosis prevention, and secondary for the prevention of obesity, diabetes, and hypertension and colon cancer. When two groups of participants were under study, the group with 1000 mg daily had higher effect on weight control, and the group with higher calcium had less danger from diabetes and colon cancer.
Based on the diet survey for public health in 2001, the data showed the amount of calcium intake and supply sources for Korean. Irrespective of age and genders, the calcium intake was far less than 1000 mg, which was actually around 500 mg daily, while the calcium intake by women was even more serious. The main supply sources of calcium are vegetables, shell fish, milk and dairy products and bean-related foods in order. While the calcium intake is lower in Korean, the calcium intake of American is 800 mg average. The Greek who eats mostly Mediterranean foods takes 1060 mg of calcium average. The main reason of this difference in calcium intake comes from the consumption of milk and dairy products. For example, the annual individual consumption of milk and diary products by Korean is 29 kg, but 257 kg by American, and 247 kg by 247 kg. There is around 10 times difference in milk and dairy product consumption.
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| 9. Selenium: A Representative Antioxidant |
Selenium is an essential trace mineral required for our health. Selenium is produced as a selenoprotein after combined with protein in human body. The element takes a role of antioxidant enzyme. The antioxidant function of selenoprotein is to oppress the destruction of cell by the free radicals around in the body. Free radicals are natural byproducts produced during many metabolic processes with oxygen, and the free radicals promote the formation of chronic diseases such as cancer and heart disease. On the other hand, another selenoprotein helps the control of thyroid function and strengthens the immune system.
Selenium is generally ingested through vegetable foods. The amount of selenium ingested by foods should be different according to the lands that are cultivated in plants, or raised in animals. For example, the people living in Nebraska and Dakota should ingest more than the people in other areas.
In the United States, the pattern of food distribution is controlled with the principle of transportation from the foods produced at regions with high selenium to the foods with low selenium composition. There have been some reports of patients with selenium deficiency in areas in China and Russia, since the residents have consumed the foods only from their own lands for a long time.
Selenium is contained abundantly in meat and fish. And, the animals and plants raised in the regions with high selenium concentration have more, particularly for the muscular tissue of animals. In the United States, the consumption of meat and bread is the main route of selenium ingestion. Some of nuts have selenium in them. Based on some statistical surveys, it was concluded that the mortality rate from lung cancer, colon cancer, rectal cancer and prostate cancer was far less for the regions with people of high selenium concentration.
And, the people living at the regions with low selenium concentration in the United States has significantly higher incidence in non-melanoma skin cancer. A study with dermatologist clinics at seven regions in the United States was carried out on selenium ingestion and skin cancer recurrence. Result from the study showed that the group with daily 200 ug of selenium consumption presented significantly lower cancer prevalence and mortality compared to the group with non-selenium consumption.
Another study found that the group of high selenium supplementation had significantly less prevalence in prostate, rectal and lung cancer. Reported from the research, selenium exerts its effects through two routes. First, as antioxidants, selenium protects the human body from the destructive attacks of diverse free radicals. Further, selenium prevents the cancer growth or reduces the growth rate of cancer. In addition, selenium can prevent the cancer growth by activation of immunity from the byproducts produced during metabolic reactions in our body, and suppress the angiogenesis factors in the cancer. The prevalence of heart disease and severe arthritis was higher in the lower selenium diet areas. The importance of selenium intake can not emphasize too much.
Bibliography
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Longnecker MP, Taylor PR, Levander OA, Howe M, Veillon C, McAdam PA, Patterson KY, Holden JM, Stampfer MJ, Morris JS, Willett WC. Selenium in diet, blood, and toenails in relation to human health in a seleniferous area. Am J Clin Nutr;53:1288-94, 1991.
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Beck MA, Levander O, Handy J. Selenium deficiency and viral infection. J of Nutr;133:1463S-67S, 2003.
Levander OA and Beck MA. Interacting nutritional and infectious etiologies of Keshan disease. Insights from coxsackie virus B-induced myocarditis in mice deficient in selenium or vitamin E. Biol Trace Elem Res;56:5-21, 1997.
Levander OA. Scientific rationale for the 1989 recommended dietary allowance for selenium. J Am Diet Assoc;91:1572-6, 1991.
Gramm HJ, Kopf A, Bratter P. The necessity of selenium substitution in total parenteral nutrition and artificial alimentation. J Trace Elem Med Biol;9:1-12, 1995.
Abrams CK, Siram SM, Galsim C, Johnson-Hamilton H, Munford FL, Mezghebe H. Selenium deficiency in long-term total parenteral nutrition. Nutr Clin Pract;7:175-8., 1992.
Rannem T, Ladefoged K, Hylander E, Hegnhoj J, Staun M. Selenium depletion in patients with gastrointestinal diseases: Are there any predictive factors? Scand J Gastroenterol;33:1057-61,1998.
Kuroki F, Matsumoto T, Lida M. Selenium is depleted in Crohn's disease on enteral nutrition. Digestive Diseases;21:266-70, 2003.
Rannem T, Ladefoged K, Hylander E, Hegnhoj J, Jarnum S. Selenium status in patients with Crohn's disease. Am J Clin Nutr;56:933-7, 1992.
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Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007.
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| 10. Magnesium: Prevention of Chronic Fatigue and Bone Health |
Magnesium occupies 0.05% in your body weight. In your total magnesium, 60% exists in muscle, 20% in tissue, 1% in blood. Magnesium is absorbed 30-50% through the upper section of small intestines, which is promoted by vitamin D, and lowered by calcium and phosphorus. It facilitates strong bones, dental cavity prevention and formation of dental enamel. Magnesium is used for the treatment of chronic fatigue and pains in muscle.
Magnesium forms bones and teeth combining with phosphoric acid and carbonic acid. Magnesium is a powerful controller for calcium not to accumulate too high in cell and around jointed areas. Magnesium is demanded in higher quantity according to the activity of cells, since it is required for metabolism relatively in a small amount. It relates with various types of enzyme activity for energy production, maintenance of body temperature and blood pressure, excitation of nerve, contraction of muscle. It also takes part in metabolic processes for protein and DNA production, glucose and fat metabolism with vitamin B complexes. Magnesium helps the nervous system to calm down by reducing the secretion of acetylcholine and promoting its breakdown faster. It can help the prevention of diabetes and alcoholism. Magnesium is a mineral to be lost by stress.
The cause of magnesium deficiency can come from stress, alcohol ingestion, extreme exercise, pregnancy, women breast feeding, people in treatment with therapeutic solution, people with high sensitivity in contagion, inability through intestinal absorption, intestinal removal of intestines, chronic diarrhea, alcoholic hepatic cirrhosis, diabetic acidosis, colonitis, kidney diseases, malignant diffusive bone disease, diuretics, thyroid and parathyroid diseases, long-term ingestion of alcohol.
When there is too severe overflow magnesium deficiency, mental inability, hallucination, worry, excitation and easy enragement are anticipated.
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Shils ME. Magnesium. In Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 9th Edition. (edited by Shils, ME, Olson, JA, Shike, M, and Ross, AC.) New York: Lippincott Williams and Wilkins, p. 169-92, 1999.
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Simopoulos AP. The nutritional aspects of hypertension. Compr Ther;25:95-100, 1999.
Appel LJ, Moore TJ, Obarzanek E, Vollmer WM, Svetkey LP, Sacks FM, Bray GA, Vogt TM, Cutler JA, Windhauser MM, Lin PH, Karanja N. A clinical trial of the effects of dietary patterns on blood pressure. N Engl J Med;336:1117-24, 1997.
Sacks FM, Obarzanek E, Windhauser MM, Svetkey LP, Vommer WM, McCullough M, Karanja N, Lin PH, Steele P, Praschen MA, Evans M, Appel LJ, Bray GA, Vogt T, Moore MD for the DASH investigators. Rationale and design of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension trial (DASH). A multicenter controlled-feeding study of dietary patterns to lower blood pressure. Ann Epidemiol;5:108-18, 1995.
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| 11. Zinc: Important Mineral |
Zinc exists 1.5 – 2.5 gram in your body which is relatively in a small quantity, and the daily recommendation amount is 15 mg. Zinc is needed for about 300 enzymes which are related with DNA restoration, protein production, removal of active oxygen and immunity. Therefore, it is an important composition for slowing aging process and prevention of cancer. Zinc is present the most in eyes and optic nerves. It is also found in skin, thyroid, brain, heart, kidney, liver, muscle, and prostate. The zinc deficiency affects badly on those organs.
Zinc is an essential mineral required for the growth of body and reproductive organs. It is required for the production of hormone for male and female. It works for the health of human body and reduction in disease. It helps fight for the resistance against inflammation. It works together with various metallic enzymes to involve metabolic processes. Zinc involves the structure and function of biomembrane. And, it works for DNA and RNA production, so it controls the protein synthesis and metabolism. It facilitates the immune functions and acts as antioxidants. Zinc helps restore the stress from surgery, wound and bone fracture as an essential factor for injury restoration. And, it is effective for the treatment of atopic skin disease, prevention and acne formation since it has an excellent anti-inflammatory function. It has a resistant ability against virus inflammation. It works with vitamin A to strengthen the ability of color differentiation. Zinc is an important essential minerals affecting from the muscle formation to the empowering of immunity. It has been found that the daily recommdenation amount for Korean is 12 mg for male, 10 mg for female, however most Korean do not intake sufficiently.
As your stress in daily life and inflammation requires more zinc from outside of your body, zinc deficiency can become serious with time. Excessive ingestion of vitamin E and vitamin B1 cause zinc deficiency. And, anti-depressive, anti-inflammatory, anti-diuretic and diet with high fiber increase the zinc requirements. Besisdes, the excessive consumption of alcohol, alcohol addiction, thyroid function decrease and failure will be the causes of zinc deficiency.
Once the zinc deficiency sets in, Acrodematitis continua can ensue among many other issues. Zinc deficiency comes with skin diseases, losing hair, acne and boils grow around the body including face, mouth, hands and feet. In addition, anemia, depression, schizophrenia, infertility, memory loss, prostate obnormality, delayed wound healing, are the few examples that can be occurred by zinc deficiency.
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Mineral Facts
Benefits of Alkalinity
